Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations
The following discussion summarizes certain material U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to holders of Citrix common stock who receive cash in exchange for shares of Citrix common stock pursuant to the Merger. This discussion is for general informational purposes only and does not purport to be a complete analysis of all potential tax consequences of the Merger. This discussion is based upon the provisions of the Code, the U.S. Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder and judicial decisions and administrative rulings, all as in effect as of the date of this proxy statement and all of which are subject to change or varying interpretation, possibly with retroactive effect. Any such change or differing interpretation could affect the accuracy of the statements set forth herein. The U.S. federal income tax laws are complex and subject to varying interpretation. We have not sought, and do not intend to seek, any ruling from the Internal Revenue Service (referred to as the “IRS”) regarding any of the tax issues discussed herein. There can be no assurance that the IRS will not challenge one or more of the tax consequences of the Merger described in this proxy statement.
This discussion assumes that holders of Citrix common stock hold their shares as “capital assets” within the meaning of Section 1221 of the Code (generally, property held for investment). This discussion does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be relevant to a particular holder of Citrix common stock in light of such holder’s individual circumstances, nor does it address U.S. state or local, non-U.S., or estate or gift taxes, the alternative minimum tax, the rules regarding qualified small business stock within the meaning of
Section 1202 of the Code, the Medicare tax on net investment income or any other aspect of any U.S. federal tax other than the income tax. This discussion also does not address tax considerations that may be relevant to holders of Citrix common stock subject to special treatment under the U.S. federal income tax laws, such as, for example, financial institutions, brokers or dealers in securities or currencies, mutual funds, partnerships or other entities or arrangements classified as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes or other pass-through entities and their partners or members, S corporations, tax-exempt organizations, governmental organizations, retirement or other tax-deferred accounts, insurance companies, traders in securities who elect mark-to-market method of accounting, controlled foreign corporations, passive foreign investment companies, corporations that accumulate earnings to avoid U.S. federal income tax, U.S. expatriates and former citizens or long-term residents of the United States, holders who acquired their Citrix common stock through the exercise of Company stock options or otherwise as compensation, holders who hold their Citrix common stock as part of a hedge, straddle, constructive sale, conversion transaction, U.S. holders (as defined below) whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar, real estate investment trusts, regulated investment companies, holders deemed to sell their shares of Citrix common stock under the constructive sale provisions of the Code, persons who own (directly, indirectly or constructively) an equity interest in Parent or the surviving corporation, holders who exercise appraisal rights in connection with the merger under the DGCL, and holders who own or have owned (directly, indirectly or constructively) 5% or more of the Company’s stock (by vote or value).
If an entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds Citrix common stock, the tax treatment of a partner in such partnership generally will depend on the status of the partner and activities of the partner and the partnership. If you are a partnership holding Citrix common stock or a partner of a partnership holding Citrix common stock, you are urged to consult your own tax advisor regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of the Merger relevant to you.
This discussion is for informational purposes only and is not tax advice. Holders of Citrix common stock are urged to consult their tax advisors with respect to the U.S. federal income tax consequences of the Merger to them in light of their particular circumstances, as well as any tax consequences of the Merger arising under the U.S. federal tax laws other than those pertaining to income tax, including estate or gift tax laws, “golden parachute” rules, or under any state, local or non-U.S. tax laws or under any applicable income tax treaty.
For purposes of this discussion, the term “U.S. holder” means a beneficial owner of Citrix common stock that, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, is:
| • | an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States; |
| • | a corporation (including any entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) created or organized in or under the laws of the United States or any political subdivision thereof; |
| • | a trust if (1) its administration is subject to the primary supervision of a court within the United States and one or more U.S. persons as described in Section 7701(a)(30) of the Code have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (2) it has a valid election in effect under applicable U.S. Treasury Regulations to be treated as a United States person (within the meaning of the Code); and |
| • | an estate, the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income tax regardless of its source. |
For purposes of this discussion, a “non-U.S. holder” means a beneficial owner of Citrix common stock that is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, an individual, a corporation, a trust or an estate that is not a U.S. holder.
U.S. Holders
The receipt of cash in exchange for shares of Citrix common stock pursuant to the Merger will generally be a taxable transaction for U.S. federal income tax purposes. A U.S. holder generally will recognize gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes equal to the difference, if any, between the amount of cash received pursuant to
the Merger (determined before the deduction of any applicable withholding taxes) and such U.S. holder’s adjusted tax basis in the shares exchanged for cash pursuant to the Merger. A U.S. holder’s adjusted tax basis in a share of Citrix common stock will generally be equal to the amount the U.S. holder paid for such share. Such gain or loss generally will be capital gain or loss, and will be long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. holder’s holding period for such shares exceeds one year as of the date of the closing. Long-term capital gains for certain non-corporate U.S. holders, including individuals, are generally eligible for a reduced rate of federal income taxation. Short-term capital gains are taxed at ordinary income rates. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations. Gain or loss must be calculated separately for each block of Citrix common stock (i.e., common stock acquired at the same time and at the same price in a single transaction). U.S. holders who own separate blocks of Citrix common stock should consult their own tax advisors with respect to these rules.
A U.S. holder may, unless an exception applies, be subject to information reporting and backup withholding (currently at a rate of 24%) with respect to the cash received pursuant to the Merger, unless such U.S. holder provides its correct taxpayer identification number (referred to as the “TIN”) on IRS Form W-9 (or if appropriate, a substitute or successor form) and certifies under penalties of perjury that such TIN is correct and that such U.S. holder is not subject to backup withholding. Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Rather, any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules may be refunded or credited against a U.S. holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability, if any; provided that such U.S. holder furnishes the required information to the IRS in a timely manner and other requirements are satisfied.
Non-U.S. Holders
Any gain recognized on the receipt of cash pursuant to the Merger by a non-U.S. holder generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax unless:
| • | the gain is effectively connected with the conduct of a U.S. trade or business of such non-U.S. holder (and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty, is also attributable to a permanent establishment or, in the case of an individual, a fixed base in the United States maintained by such non-U.S. holder), in which case the non-U.S. holder generally will be subject to tax on such gain in the same manner as a U.S. holder and, if the non-U.S. holder is a foreign corporation, such corporation may be subject to branch profits tax at the rate of 30% (or such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable income tax treaty) on after-tax profits effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business to the extent that such after-tax profits are not reinvested and maintained in the business; |
| • | the non-U.S. holder is a nonresident alien individual who is present in the United States for 183 days or more in the taxable year of the Merger and certain other conditions are met, in which case the non-U.S. holder generally will be subject to a 30% tax (or tax at such lower rate as may be specified under an applicable income tax treaty) on the non-U.S. holder’s net gain realized in the Merger, which may be offset by certain U.S. source capital losses of the non-U.S. holder, if any (even though the individual is not considered a resident of the United States), provided that such non-U.S. holder has timely filed U.S. federal income tax returns with respect to such losses; or |
| • | the Company is or has been a “United States real property holding corporation” for U.S. federal income tax purposes at any time during the shorter of (1) the five-year period ending on the date of the Merger and (2) the non-U.S. holder’s holding period in the Citrix common stock, and, at any time during such period, the non-U.S. holder owned (directly, indirectly or constructively) more than 5% of the outstanding Citrix common stock. Generally, a corporation is a U.S. real property holding corporation only if the fair market value of its U.S. real property interests equals or exceeds 50% of the sum of the fair market value of its worldwide real property interests plus its other assets used or held for use in a trade or business. The Company does not believe that it is or was a “United States real property holding corporation” for U.S. federal income tax purposes during the applicable five-year period. |
A non-U.S. holder will be subject to information reporting and, in certain circumstances, backup withholding (currently at a rate of 24%) with respect to the cash received by such non-U.S. holder pursuant to the Merger, unless such non-U.S. holder provides the paying agent with an applicable and properly executed IRS Form W-8 certifying under penalties of perjury the holder’s non-U.S. status (and the payor or applicable withholding agent does not have actual knowledge or reason to know that the non-U.S. holder is a U.S. person as defined under the Code) or otherwise establishes an exemption. Copies of information returns that are filed with the IRS may be made available under an applicable tax treaty or information exchange agreement to the tax authorities of the country in which the non-U.S. holder resides or is established. Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Rather, any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules may be refunded or credited against a non-U.S. holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability, if any, provided that the non-U.S. holder furnishes the required information to the IRS in a timely manner and other applicable requirements are satisfied. Non-U.S. holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the information reporting and backup withholding rules to them.
THE FOREGOING DISCUSSION IS NOT INTENDED TO CONSTITUTE A COMPLETE ANALYSIS OR DESCRIPTION OF ALL POTENTIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES RELATING TO THE MERGER. THIS SUMMARY IS FOR GENERAL INFORMATION PURPOSES ONLY AND IS NOT TAX ADVICE. IN ADDITION, THIS DISCUSSION DOES NOT ADDRESS TAX CONSEQUENCES WHICH MAY VARY WITH, OR ARE CONTINGENT ON, A HOLDER’S INDIVIDUAL CIRCUMSTANCES, SUCH AS A HOLDER WHO IS SUBJECT TO THE “GOLDEN PARACHUTE” PROVISIONS OF THE CODE. ACCORDINGLY, EACH HOLDER IS URGED TO CONSULT ITS OWN TAX ADVISOR REGARDING THE PARTICULAR TAX CONSEQUENCES OF THE MERGER TO SUCH HOLDER IN LIGHT OF SUCH HOLDER’S PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES, INCLUDING THE TAX CONSEQUENCES WITH RESPECT TO ANY NON-INCOME TAX OR ANY STATE, LOCAL OR NON-U.S. TAX LAWS OR ANY “GOLDEN PARACHUTE” RULES.
Regulatory Approvals Required for the Merger
U.S. Antitrust
The obligations of Parent and the Company to consummate the Merger are subject to the waiting period applicable to the Merger under the HSR Act, and the expiration or termination of any agreement between a party and a governmental authority. Under the HSR Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, the Merger may not be completed until notifications have been filed and certain information has been furnished to the FTC and the DOJ and the specified waiting period has expired. The Company and Parent each filed or caused to be filed the requisite notification forms under the HSR Act with the DOJ and the FTC on February 14, 2022 and the applicable waiting period expires at 11:59 p.m. on March 16, 2022. Both before and after the expiration of the applicable waiting period, the FTC and the DOJ retain the authority to challenge the Merger on antitrust grounds.
In addition, the Merger may be reviewed by the state attorneys general in the various states in which Parent and the Company operate. These authorities may claim that there is authority, under the applicable state and federal antitrust laws and regulations, to investigate and/or seek to prohibit the Merger under the circumstances and based on the standards set forth in applicable state laws and regulations. There can be no assurance that one or more state attorneys general will not attempt to file an antitrust action to challenge the Merger. As of the date of this proxy statement, neither Parent nor the Company has been notified by any state attorney general indicating any plan to review the Merger.
Other Regulatory Notifications
The consummation of the Merger is also conditioned upon the clearance or approval by the antitrust authorities in certain other jurisdictions and other relevant authorities under foreign investment laws. The Merger cannot be completed until Citrix and Parent obtain clearance to consummate the Merger or the applicable waiting periods have expired or been terminated in such jurisdictions.
There can be no assurances that all of the required regulatory approvals will be obtained and, if obtained, there can be no assurances as to the timing of any approvals, Parent’s or the Company’s ability to obtain the approvals on satisfactory terms or the absence of any litigation challenging such approvals.
The Merger Agreement includes covenants obligating each of the parties to use their reasonable best efforts to take, or cause to be taken (including by their respective subsidiaries), all actions and to do, or cause to be done, and to assist and cooperate with the other parties in doing, all things necessary, proper or advisable under applicable law to consummate the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, including (1) the obtaining of all necessary actions or non-actions, waivers, consents and approvals from governmental authorities and the making of all necessary, notices, registrations and filings (including notices and filings with governmental authorities, if any) and the taking of all steps as may be necessary to obtain an approval or waiver from, or to avoid a proceeding by, any governmental authorities, (2) the delivery of required notices to, and the obtaining of required consents or waivers from, third parties (provided that the Company shall not be obligated to make any payment or commercial concession to any third party, or incur any liability, as a condition to (or in connection with) obtaining any such consent or waiver, unless such payment, concession or liability is requested by Parent and is conditioned and effective only upon the closing), and (3) the execution and delivery of any additional instruments necessary to consummate the Merger and to fully carry out the purposes of the Merger Agreement. For more information regarding these covenants, see the section of this proxy statement titled “The Merger Agreement – Reasonable Best Efforts; Antitrust Filings.”
Litigation Related to the Merger
In connection with the Merger Agreement, six complaints have been filed as individual actions in United States District Courts. Four complaints have been filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York and are captioned Stein v. Citrix Systems, Inc., et al., 22-cv-1864 (filed March 4, 2022), O’Dell v. Citrix Systems, Inc., et al., 22-cv-01892 (filed March 4, 2022), Bell v. Citrix Systems, Inc., et al., 22-cv-01925 (filed March 7, 2022) (the “Bell Complaint”), and Messiha v. Citrix Systems, Inc., et al., 22-cv-02094 (filed March 14, 2022). One complaint has been filed in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York and is captioned Whitfield v. Citrix Systems, Inc., et al., 22-cv-01317 (filed March 10, 2022). One complaint has been filed in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania and is captioned Waterman v. Citrix Systems, Inc., et al., 22-cv-00917 (filed March 10, 2022). The foregoing complaints are referred to as the “Merger Actions”.
The Merger Actions generally allege that the preliminary proxy statement filed by the Company with the SEC on March 3, 2022 misrepresents and/or omits certain purportedly material information relating to the Company’s financial projections, the analyses performed by the financial advisor to the Citrix Board in connection with the Merger, potential conflicts of interest of the Company’s officers and directors, and the events that led to the signing of the Merger Agreement. The Merger Actions assert violations of Section 14(a) of the Exchange Act, and Rule 14a-9 promulgated thereunder against all defendants (the Company, its Board of Directors and certain officers) and violations of Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act against Citrix’s directors and officers. The Bell Complaint also asserts a breach of fiduciary duty against the individual defendants. The Merger Actions seek, among other things, an injunction enjoining the stockholder vote on the Merger and the consummation of the Merger unless and until certain additional information is disclosed to Citrix stockholders, costs of the action, including plaintiffs’ attorneys’ fees and experts’ fees, and other relief the court may deem just and proper.
The Company cannot predict the outcome of the Merger Actions. The Company believes that the Merger Actions are without merit and Citrix and the individual defendants intend to vigorously defend against the Merger Actions and any subsequently filed similar actions. If additional similar complaints are filed, absent new or significantly different allegations, the Company will not necessarily disclose such additional filings.
Delisting and Deregistration of Citrix Common Stock
If the Merger is completed, the shares of Citrix common stock will be delisted from Nasdaq and deregistered under the Exchange Act, and shares of Citrix common stock will no longer be publicly traded.
